中国水利水电工程开发与区域可持续发展

本文论述了中国水利水电工程开发与区域可持续发展的关系,并提出了中国实现可持续的水利水电工程开发的主要对策。     

铁氧化物对模拟印染废水中锑的去除性能研究

含锑化合物常作为纺织工业的催化剂,易引发锑(Sb)污染问题.本文以针铁矿、四方纤铁矿与水铁矿等3种常见的铁氧化物作为吸附剂,比较了不同铁氧化物对Sb(Ⅴ)的去除性能,探究了印染废水中各类因素对锑吸附性能的影响.研究结果显示,3种铁氧化物均可使锑浓度为200μg·L-1的模拟印染废水的出水Sb(Ⅴ)浓度小于50 μg·L...     

活性炭纤维在机动车尾气净化中的研究与应用展望

机动车尾气净化控制的一个难点在于冷启动阶段,此时由于温度较低,催化剂尚未完全起作用,导致排出的污染物浓度较高。阐述了活性炭纤维的基本特性,特别是其低温吸附与催化性能对NO和CO的转化作用,讨论了活性炭纤维作为机动车尾气净化材料所需的改性及方法,并展望了其应用前景。     

Ti-天然沸石的钛掺杂取代法制备、表征和光催化性能

以酸处理脱铝后信阳天然斜发沸石为载体,硫酸钛、钛酸正丁酯和四氯化钛为钛源,分别采用浸渍法和气相法制备出钛掺杂沸石光催化剂。采用X-射线衍射和傅立叶红外光谱分析了沸石酸处理及钛取代前后结构。结果表明,80℃下,4 mol/L盐酸处理10 h后沸石结构发生了显著变化,但仍保持Al-O-Si骨架结构。红外光谱结果证明Ti4+与沸石形成稳定的Ti-O-Si键。在以300 W紫外灯为光源进行罗丹明B脱色反应,考察了含钛沸石的光催化活性。初始浓度为80 mg/L,光照1.5 h后罗丹明B的去除率为98.18%。     

环境保护督察巡视:党政同责的顶层制度

环境保护督察巡视是党政同责的核心制度安排。本文从环保督察巡视与党政同责的关系与实践出发,认为该制度是从决策源头监督,既有法律依据,也有政策要求,其他部门的督察以及环保考核、约谈等实践为环保督察巡视积累了经验。从环保督察巡视制度的内涵与特征来看,该制度有明确的行动指南、统一的党政同责督察体系、较高的督察组权威、明确的巡视重点与突破方向等特点。最后,本文从理顺环境目标责任制度、制定督察实施细则、提升督察巡视权威性、开展第三方评估与社会监督等方面提出了政策建议。     

Watering techniques and zero-valent iron biochar pH effects on As and Cd concentrations in rice rhizosphere soils, tissues and yield

Zero-valent iron amended biochar (ZVIB) has been proposed as a promising material in immobilizing heavy metals in paddy fields. In this study, the impacts of pH of ZVIB (pH 6.3 and pH 9.7) and watering management techniques (watering amount in the order of CON (control, 5/72)>3/72>1–3/72>3/100>1/72, with 5/72, for example, representing irrigation given to 5 cm above soil surface in 72 hr regular interval) on As and Cd bioavailability for rice and its grain yield (Yield_BR) were investigated in a pot experiment. Brown rice As (As_BR) content was irrelative to the watering treatments, while significantly decreased (>50%) with the addition of both ZVIB materials. The diminutions of brown rice Cd (Cd_BR) content as well as the Yield_BR were highly dependent on both the soil amendment materials’ pH and watering amount. Among all the watering treatments, 3/72 treatment (15% less irrigation water than the CON) with ZVIB 6.3 amendment was the optimum fit for simultaneous reduction of As_BR (50%) and Cd_BR contents (19%) as well as for significant increment (12%) of the Yield_BR. Although high pH (9.7) ZVIB application could also efficiently decrease As and Cd contents in brown rice, it might risk grain yield lost if appropriate (e.g. 3/72 in our study) watering management technique was not chosen. Therefore, ZVIB would be an environmentally friendly option as an amendment material with proper selection of watering management technique to utilize As and Cd co-contaminated arable soils safely for paddy cultivation.     

Deactivation of Cu-SAPO-34 by urea-related deposits at low temperatures and the regeneration

Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) with urea catalyzed by Cu-SAPO-34 is an effective method to eliminate NO_x from diesel exhaust. However, urea-related deposits may form during cold-start and urban driving due to low exhaust temperatures. The activity of CuSAPO-34 at 175°C is significantly degraded by urea exposure, and 300°C is required for regeneration. Through in-situ diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy(DRIFTS) and temperature-programmed hydrolysis studies, the dominant stable deposit at 175°C is identified as biuret, which can be eliminated at 300°C. The urea-derived deactivation and regeneration mechanisms of Cu-SAPO-34 were compared with those of anatase-supported catalysts.     

Improved activity and durability of Rh-based three-way catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres by ZrO2 support

The catalytic activity and durability of Rh/ZrO_2 catalyst were investigated compared with Rh/Al_2O_3 catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres, including lean, rich and lean–rich cyclic aging atmospheres, to simulate the real working conditions of three-way catalyst.Oxidation states and microstructures of rhodium species were investigated to correlate with the catalytic performance of the catalysts. The catalytic performance and durability of the Rh catalyst under diverse aging atmospheres were drastically enhanced by ZrO_2 support. ZrO_2 support was confirmed to be able to effectively inhibit rhodium sintering even under diverse aging conditions. It can also successfully keep Rh species in an active low-valence state on the surface of the catalyst. The superiority of ZrO_2 support compared to Al_2O_3 was verified by the Rh-based monolith catalyst.     

Minimizing Bias in Virally Seeded Water Treatment Studies: Evaluation of Optimal Bacteriophage and Mammalian Virus Preparation Methodologies

One key assumption impacting data quality in viral inactivation studies is that reduction estimates are not altered by the virus seeding process. However, seeding viruses often involves the inadvertent addition of co-constituents such as cell culture components or additives used during preparation steps which can impact viral reduction estimates by inducing non-representative oxidant demand in disinfection studies and fouling in membrane assessments. The objective of this study was therefore to characterize a mammalian norovirus surrogate, murine norovirus (MNV), and bacteriophage MS2 at sequential stages of viral purification and to quantify their potential contribution to artificial oxidant demand and non-representative membrane fouling. Our results demonstrate that seeding solvent extracted and 0.1 micron filtered MNV to ~10⁵ PFU/mL in an experimental water matrix will result in additional total organic carbon (TOC) and 30 min chlorine demand of 39.2 mg/L and 53.5 mg/L as Cl₂, respectively. Performing sucrose cushion purification on the MNV stock prior to seeding reduces the impacts of TOC and chlorine demand to 1.6 and 0.15 mg/L as Cl₂, respectively. The findings for MNV are likely relevant for other mammalian viruses propagated in serum-based media. Thus, advanced purification of mammalian virus stocks by sucrose cushion purification (or equivalent density-based separation approach) is warranted prior to seeding in water treatment assessments. Studies employing bacteriophage MS2 as a surrogate virus may not need virus purification, since seeding MS2 at a concentration of ~10⁶ PFU/mL will introduce only ~1 mg/L of TOC and ~1 mg/L as Cl₂ of chlorine demand to experimental water matrices.     

Urban Air Pollution Patterns, Land Use, and Thermal Landscape: An Examination of the Linkage Using GIS

This article investigates the relationship of local air pollution pattern with urban land use and with urban thermal landscape using a GIS approach. Ambient air quality measurements for sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide, total suspended particles, and dust level were obtained for Guangzhou City in South China between 1981 and 2000. Landsat TM images and aerial photo derived maps were used to examine city's land use and land cover at different times and changes. Landsat thermal infrared data were employed to compute land surface temperatures and to assess urban thermal patterns. Relationships among the spatial patterns of air pollution, land use, and thermal landscape were sought through GIS and correlation analyses. Results show that the spatial patterns of air pollutants probed were positively correlated with urban built-up density, and with satellite derived land surface temperature values, particularly with measurements taken during the summer. It is suggested that further studies investigate the mechanisms of this linkage, and that remote sensing of air pollution delves into how the energy interacts with the atmosphere and the environment and how sensors see pollutants. Thermal infrared imagery could play a unique role in monitoring and modeling atmospheric pollution.